If a puppy pulls ahead of the handler while walking on a leash and the handler stops moving, what learning principle is at work?

When a puppy pulls ahead of the handler and the handler stops moving, the puppy learns that pulling results in the cessation of movement. This scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement. In this context, negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive condition, which is the lack of forward movement. When the handler halts, it creates a situation where the puppy may experience frustration or a desire to move forward. If the puppy chooses to return to the handler or stop pulling, the handler resumes walking, thus reinforcing the behavior of staying closer to the handler.

The principle of negative reinforcement emphasizes that behaviors are strengthened by the removal of an undesirable stimulus, leading to an increase in the likelihood of those behaviors occurring in the future. In this case, by returning to the handler, the puppy is more likely to walk at a closer distance, as it learns that this behavior allows for continued movement, creating a more enjoyable outing. This learning process is crucial for effective leash training and establishing good walking manners.