In which scenario does a puppy learn to stop a certain behavior due to an adverse encounter with falling cans?

In this scenario, a puppy learns to stop a certain behavior due to an adverse encounter with falling cans, which aligns with the concept of positive punishment. Positive punishment involves adding something unpleasant in response to a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.

When the puppy engages in the behavior and then experiences the negative consequence of falling cans, the unpleasantness of that experience serves to discourage the puppy from repeating the behavior. This learning is based on associating the behavior with an unfortunate outcome, which is characteristic of positive punishment.

In contrast, other options like negative reinforcement would involve the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior, which does not apply in this case. Positive reinforcement would add a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior, while extinction refers to the process of reducing a behavior by withholding reinforcement. Therefore, the scenario clearly fits within the framework of positive punishment.