What type of conditioning is also known as Pavlovian conditioning?

The correct choice is classical conditioning, which is famously associated with the experiments of Ivan Pavlov. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response. For instance, in Pavlov's experiments, the sound of a bell was paired with the presentation of food to dogs, and over time, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, demonstrating a learned response.

This process emphasizes the association between stimuli rather than the consequences of behaviors, which is where other forms of conditioning, such as operant conditioning, differ. In operant conditioning, behaviors are modified through reinforcement or punishment based on the consequences that follow them. Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses that are automatically triggered by previously neutral stimuli.

Instrumental conditioning is often considered synonymous with operant conditioning and is centered more on the relationships between actions and their outcomes rather than the association of different stimuli. Associative learning is a broad term that includes both classical and operant conditioning, but in this case, classical conditioning specifically refers to the Pavlovian method of forming associations between stimuli. Thus, the term that directly identifies the conditioning method developed by Pavlov is classical conditioning.