What type of learning occurs when a dog is punished with a rolled-up paper for making eye contact with children?

The situation described involves a dog receiving a rolled-up paper as a punishment for making eye contact with children. This example highlights the concept of positive punishment, which occurs when an aversive stimulus is added to a situation in order to decrease the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring in the future.

In this case, the rolled-up paper is an aversive consequence intended to discourage the dog from making eye contact with children. By administering this punishment after the behavior (eye contact), the trainer aims to reduce the occurrence of the behavior. Positive punishment is effective in some scenarios but must be used with caution, as it can lead to fear and anxiety in the dog.

Understanding positive punishment helps trainers work appropriately in modifying behaviors while recognizing the importance of using humane and effective training methods. Other options refer to different behavioral concepts; extinction involves the gradual reduction of a behavior when reinforcement is removed, negative punishment entails taking away a desirable element to decrease a behavior, and positive reinforcement involves providing a reward to increase a desired behavior.