When a dog is punished for chasing a deer by running into a fence, what type of learning occurs?

Positive punishment occurs when an undesirable behavior is followed by an aversive consequence, which decreases the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future. In this scenario, the dog is chasing a deer and running into a fence as a consequence of that action. The pain or discomfort from running into the fence serves as an aversive stimulus. This experience may discourage the dog from engaging in the chasing behavior again, thereby exemplifying positive punishment.

Positive reinforcement, on the other hand, involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior, which is not applicable in this situation. Extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response when reinforcement is removed, and negative punishment involves taking away a pleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior. Neither of these concepts pertains to the dog receiving an aversive consequence from the fence. Therefore, the correct classification of the learning in this case is positive punishment, as it directly relates to the introduction of an unpleasant stimulus following an undesirable behavior.