Which learning process is known for being resistant to extinction and leads to fears in dogs?

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) is recognized for its role in forming lasting emotional responses based on previous experiences, particularly those linked to fear or anxiety. When a dog has a negative encounter or associations with a specific stimulus, such as a loud noise or the presence of another dog, it can develop a conditioned emotional response to that stimulus. This response can persist over time and often becomes resistant to extinction, meaning that even if the dog is repeatedly exposed to the previously feared stimulus without a negative outcome, the fear can still linger.

The nature of the conditioned emotional response is such that it is profoundly influenced by early experiences, which can create strong emotional memories. These emotional memories can, in turn, contribute to the development of phobias or anxiety-related behaviors in dogs.

In contrast, while taste aversion learning is also a robust form of learning where animals remember a bad experience associated with a specific taste, it does not typically lead to generalized fears in the same way as CER does. Flooding involves exposing a dog directly to the feared object or situation until it becomes desensitized, which may not always be effective and can lead to increased fear in some situations. Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments but does not specifically relate to inherent