Which type of reinforcement is being used when a handler applies a prong collar to ensure the dog heels closely?

When a handler uses a prong collar to ensure a dog heels closely, this action exemplifies positive punishment. In this context, positive punishment involves the addition of an aversive stimulus—in this case, the pressure or discomfort caused by the prong collar—when the dog does not perform the desired behavior (heeling closely). The aim is to decrease the likelihood of the dog engaging in the unwanted behavior by associating it with an uncomfortable or unpleasant experience.

Understanding this concept emphasizes the importance of demonstrating effective training techniques that focus on desirable behaviors while addressing unwanted actions. In contrast, the other options represent different training methodologies: positive reinforcement involves introducing a reward to encourage desired behaviors, negative punishment entails removing a favorable stimulus to decrease an undesired behavior, and negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. The distinction in their definitions clarifies why the use of the prong collar fits within the framework of positive punishment.